Information On Chemicals Articles And News: February 2007

Wednesday, February 28, 2007

Health And Hygiene For A Better World

The air we breathe, the water we drink and ultimately, the sun that shines upon us everyday are considered by most a real bless. But we are rarely aware that because of our disregarding attitude the water is now polluted by tons of petrol, the air is filled with gas, and the Sun that brought life on Earth is burning our planet through the holes in the ozone layer. For this reason, more and more persons are now joining programs that help to maintain the health of our planet and, consequently our very own.

In the first place, all the big companies that use or product chemical substances must be advised and moreover, made by strict laws to carefully manage the chemicals. By doing a simple mistake, one can pollute an entire river which will logically lead to poisoning hundreds of people who consume fish from that river of who even drink water from it. This kind of accidents happen frequently but nobody takes them seriously whatsoever. The existing laws are not so strict in many countries and, as a consequence, the companies that let such accidents happen are not punished as they should.

Secondly, whenever we look on the crowded city streets we see hundreds of cars that leave behind them a real cloud of smoke. Well, that smoke is not at all harmless. Along with the smoke that is raising from the towers of the different factories that provide the electric energy it can cause many damages in the ozone layer, thing proven by the holes that have been discovered. Also, another major negative effect is the very well known "Greenhouse effect".

What you have read above are just few of the damages that mankind caused to his own home planet, either by not knowing , or by not caring. However there are also many persons who do care, who start health and hygiene programs. It has become a fashion, but it is nothing bad in it. Moreover, it is rather a reason to be happy and optimistic for the future, for a cleaner planet for the next generations. Some institutions offer services for health assistance, assurance and consultancy. Most of them try to treat every client individually, giving them personalized solutions and advices at not very high costs. Only specialists know how to handle toxic and dangerous chemical products so it is more than advisable to hire such a company in your business.

As a conclusion, we must admit that our lives are surrounded by gases and polluting substances which could actually bring real disasters if managed without proper instruments and carelessly. In order to keep our planet alive and healthy, and also to make our lives healthier, our existence less endangered, every each of us should at first revise the attitude and behavior towards Earth, and then make others do this too. Joining programs regarding environmental issues is a very good thing to do, along with letting the specialized persons to handle toxic substances. We should take care about our home planet’s health as we take care of our own health because this is the ultimate home we all have.

About the Author

This article was written by Steve Madden. For getting more information and details regarding health and safety services you should visit www.c-ih.com

Cathy Taylor, Rancho Sta Margarita, CA USA creative-com@cox.net Cathy Taylor is a marketing consultant with over 25 years experience. She specializes in internet marketing, strategy and plan development, as well as management of communications and public relations programs for small business sectors. She can be reached at Creative Communications: creative--com@cox.net or by visiting or

Chemical plant blast rocks town near Boston

DANVERS, Mass. - The explosions were powerful enough to give people more than 20 miles away a shudder. Jim Glavin, watching TV at home across the street, got a lot more than that.

A chemical plant erupted early Wednesday morning with two blasts that threw Glavin off his couch and twisted his house on its foundation.

The 70-year-old’s kitchen floor was littered with shattered windows and the contents of his cabinets. His back door, blown off the hinges, was resting on the opposite stairs. Floor supports in his cellar were knocked over.

Outside, a ball of flame rose high above the neighborhood.

“I thought for sure a plane exploded,” Glavin said. “I’d swear I was in Lebanon or something. I’ve never been so scared in my life.”

Glavin called out to his son and daughter, and they joined hundreds of their neighbors in a quick exodus.

Amid physical devastation, no deaths
The 2:50 a.m. explosions leveled the chemical plant and wrecked 25 homes beyond repair. Dozens of other buildings were damaged — roofs ripped off, windows blown out. The roof on a building holding a pizza shop and bakery was torn open and caved in.

Perhaps the only thing as shocking as seeing parts of the centuries-old neighborhood turned to ash and tangled wood and metal was that no one was killed. Of more than 300 people nearby, 10 suffered injuries — all minor.

“The miracle is you have the equivalent of a 2,000-pound bomb going off in a residential neighborhood at night when everybody is home, and no one’s dead and no one is seriously injured,” said Gov. Mitt Romney, who toured the site.

Emergency crews from more than 30 surrounding cities and towns responding to the explosions in Danvers, about 20 miles northeast of Boston.

Officials said it could take weeks to reconstruct and determine the cause of the accident at CAI Inc., a manufacturer of solvents and inks.

Fire Chief James Tutko said the nearly 90 homes in the neighborhood all suffered some damage, and up to 25 may need to be rebuilt. The neighborhood, which dates to the 1700s, is a tightly packed mix of homes, industrial buildings and businesses that predates zoning rules.

‘It looks like a war zone’
Residents in the most severely affected areas would not be allowed back into their homes until at least Friday, Tutko said at a press conference Wednesday night.

Staff from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency and the Red Cross were scheduled to staff an assessment center Friday and Saturday to help displaced residents.

“It looks like a war zone, that’s the only thing I can say,” Tutko said.

In one condominium across the nearby Crane River, the blast was so strong it bowed a woman’s bedroom windows, sucked her curtains out and then returned the unbroken glass and frames to their original position — with the curtain tops attached to the rod inside but the curtain bottoms fluttering outside in the breeze.

Bakery owner Luis Ferreira was working overnight making bread and pies for Thanksgiving customers when “all of the sudden — boom — and everything gets dark.”

Through the flour and dust, employees called out to each other.

“We had no idea what happened at the time. We just got out of there,” said Ferreira, who suffered scrapes on his face and wore a bandage on his temple.

The Red Cross established a relief center at Danvers High School, which immediately filled with 100 elderly and disabled residents of the New England Home for the Deaf. Some were picked up by family members, while others were taken to a hospital.

Slumber may have saved lives
U.S. Rep. John Tierney, D-Salem, said the fact so many people were prone — asleep in bed — may have prevented more injuries.

“You can see where the blast went in one window and blew out through windows on the opposite side of the house,” he said.

CAI owner Paul Sartorelli said plant officials were “shocked and devastated” by the accident. “We don’t know anything right now,” he told the Boston Herald. “We’ve just been 100 percent fully cooperative with the authorities. We don’t have any answers.”

The company was inspected once, in 1990, by federal officials and no violations were found, according to Ted Fitzgerald, a spokesman for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The lack of inspections indicates few complaints were filed with OSHA, he said.

“A lot of people never knew it was there, that’s how benign they were,” said one neighbor, Jack Fratus.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15847839/

Chemical plant blast destroys 25 homes in Boston suburb

An explosion at a chemical plant on the outskirts of Boston tore apart houses and businesses while injuring about 10 people and destroying 25 homes.

The blast, just before 3 a.m. ET, was felt kilometres away from the CAI Inc. plant in Danvers, about 32 kilometres north of Boston.

Officials at Beverly Hospital in the town of 25,000 said they treated about 10 people for minor injuries.

"The miracle is you have the equivalent of a 2,000-pound bomb going off in a residential neighbourhood at night when everybody is home, and no one's dead and no one is seriously injured," said Gov. Mitt Romney.

Television footage from the scene showed houses partially blown apart and debris scattered around. Officials said 25 homes were destroyed, with about 65 others also suffering damage.

Buildings were silhouetted in orange flames and smoke as police prevented anyone from approaching the plant, which makes solvents and inks, and was empty at the time.

The blast knocked out electricity to the area, which, according to one resident, looked like it had been bombed. Another resident said he was knocked out of his chair when it happened.

"I was in bed and then [the] next thing I knew, I was on my feet. I saw the flames and grabbed my clothes. My first thought was that an airplane crashed," said Paul O'Donnell, an aircraft mechanic.

Officials said it could take weeks to determine the cause of the blast.

http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/11/22/explosion-boston.html?ref=rss

Chemical Plant Near Boston Explodes

DANVERS, MASS. - A chemical plant outside Boston blew up Wednesday with a roar so thunderous that people thought it was an earthquake or a plane crash, destroying two dozen homes in the tightly packed neighborhood but causing only minor injuries.

The fiery blast flattened CAI Inc., a manufacturer of solvents and inks, about 3 a.m., knocking buildings off their foundations, shredding roofs and shattering windows in neighboring Salem. The explosion could be heard more than 20 miles away.

"I was in bed, and then next thing I knew, I was on my feet. I saw the flames and grabbed my clothes. My first thought was that an airplane crashed," said Paul O'Donnell, an aircraft mechanic, "but then I thought it was too early for that."

Nearly 90 homes were damaged, with roughly 25 wrecked beyond repair, but only 10 of the more than 300 people thought to be in the neighborhood were hurt, and their injuries were minor, authorities said. The plant was empty at the time.

"The miracle is you have the equivalent of a 2,000-pound bomb going off in a residential neighborhood at night when everybody is home, and no one's dead, and no one is seriously injured," Gov. Mitt Romney said.

Officials said it could take weeks to determine the cause of the explosion.

Most of the damaged homes were in view of the plant, and some stood across the street. The neighborhood is among the oldest in the city, dating to the 1700s, with a mixture of businesses and homes because it was settled before modern zoning rules.

Firefighters from 30 cities and towns battled the blaze in the community about 20 miles northeast of Boston.

Bakery owner Luis Ferreira was working overnight making bread and pies for Thanksgiving customers when "all of the sudden - boom - and everything gets dark."

Through the flour and dust, employees called out to one another.

"We had no idea what happened at the time. We just got out of there," said Ferreira, who suffered scrapes on his face and wore a bandage on his temple.

CAI owner Paul Sartorelli said plant officials were "shocked and devastated" by the accident.

http://www.tbo.com/news/nationworld/MGB0E07JUUE.html

Chemical plant blast levels two dozen homes near Boston

DANVERS, Mass. — A chemical plant outside Boston blew up Wednesday with a roar so thunderous that people thought it was an earthquake or a plane crash, destroying two dozen homes in the tightly packed neighborhood but causing only minor injuries.

The fiery blast flattened the factory operated by CAI, a manufacturer of solvents and inks, around 3 a.m., knocking buildings off their foundations, shredding roofs and shattering windows in neighboring Salem. The explosion could be heard more than 20 miles away.

"I was in bed, and the next thing I knew, I was on my feet. I saw the flames and grabbed my clothes. My first thought was that an airplane crashed," said Paul O'Donnell, an aircraft mechanic.

Nearly 90 homes were damaged, with roughly 25 wrecked beyond repair, but only 10 of the more than 300 people believed to be in the neighborhood were hurt, and their injuries were minor, authorities said. The plant was empty at the time.

"The miracle is you have the equivalent of a 2,000-pound bomb going off in a residential neighborhood at night when everybody is home, and no one's dead and no one is seriously injured," Gov. Mitt Romney said.

Officials said it could take weeks to determine the cause of the explosion.

Most of the damaged homes were in view of the plant, and some stood right across the street. The neighborhood is among the oldest in the city, dating to the 1700s, with a mixture of businesses and homes because it was settled before modern zoning rules.

Firefighters from 30 cities and towns battled the blaze in this community about 20 miles northeast of Boston.

Bakery owner Luis Ferreira was working overnight making bread and pies for Thanksgiving customers when "all of the sudden — boom — and everything gets dark."

Through the flour and dust, employees called out to each other.

"We had no idea what happened at the time. We just got out of there," said Ferreira, who suffered scrapes on his face and wore a bandage on his temple.

CAI Treasurer Paul Sartorelli said in a statement Wednesday that company officials didn't know what caused the accident and that the company underwent safety upgrades in 2001.

http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003444309_explosion23.html?syndication=rss

Tideflats Company Fined Again Chemical Spill in 2005 Costs Emerald Services More Than $100,000

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has fined a Tacoma hazardous-waste handling business $38,000 after the company mishandled a flammable chemical leading to explosions and a fire at the company's facility in the Tideflats.

In addition to the fine, the company has also agreed to provide almost $70,000 worth of equipment to Tacoma's fire and environmental services departments, the EPA announced Wednesday.

The state Department of Ecology fined the company $42,000 in July for the same incident. Emerald Services deferred an additional $86,000 fine from the state by agreeing to make changes in its operations.

Emerald Services Inc. released 1,697 pounds of toluene, a hazardous substance, into the storm sewer at its facility at 1825 Alexander Ave. on Aug. 30, 2005, according to the EPA.

The company didn't report the chemical release to the EPA's National Response Center until after the toluene caught fire two weeks later, setting off multiple explosions Sept. 13.

The neighborhood was evacuated. No one was injured and the blaze was put out by the Tacoma Fire Department.

The release of the toluene and the failure to notify the appropriate agencies violated federal law, the EPA reported. Toluene is considered an extremely hazardous substance by the agency.

Beyond the fine, Emerald Services has agreed to provide $31,585 in emergency response equipment to the Tacoma Fire Department and $37,980 worth of equipment to the city's Environmental Services Source Control Division for tracking information about discharge from industrial facilities.

"These laws were established to help communities like Tacoma to be better prepared to respond to chemical accidents like the one that occurred at Emerald Services, Inc.," said Mike Bussell, director of the EPA's Office of Compliance and Enforcement in Seattle. "They also help reduce the likelihood and severity of accidental chemical release that could harm the public and the environment."

The News Tribune was unable to reach the owners of Emerald Services.

Kelly Kearsley: 253-597-8573

kelly.kearsley@thenewstribune.com

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Copyright (c) 2006, The News Tribune, Tacoma, Wash.

Distributed by McClatchy-Tribune Business News.

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Friday, February 16, 2007

Chemical cleanup at Makati school to take 2 weeks experts

By Tarra Quismundo
Inquirer
Last updated 06:13pm (Mla time) 11/27/2006

WEARING sealed chemical suits, masks, gloves and protective footwear, recovery teams carefully walked to the cordoned San Isidro National High School Monday morning on a dangerous mission to retrieve chemicals that leaked inside the school laboratory on Sunday afternoon.

Breathing through limited oxygen supply, the teams ascended to the sealed school laboratory at the fourth floor, where a wall-mounted cabinet of chemicals collapsed shortly before 3 p.m. on Sunday.

A mess of liquid and powder chemicals mixed with debris of shattered glass containers, wooden cabinet doors and rusting metal hinges met them when they opened the door to Room 401.

From how things looked, cleanup and decontamination of the five-year-old school building at the corner of Borneo and P. Binay Streets in the village of San Isidro might take days, if not weeks, authorities said.

The incident had already caused nine persons -- including five teachers, two campus security guards and two residents -- to fall ill, forced the evacuation of 20 families living within 50 meters from the school, and shut down nearby business establishments.

"When we finish collecting the surface chemicals, we would undertake monitoring and determine the concentration of chemicals there. Then we would undertake decontamination. It might take two weeks… it depends on the allowable level of concentration," said Chief Inspector Jose Embang, team leader of the Bureau of Fire Protection's (BFP) Special Rescue Unit who led the first recovery team that entered the school on Monday.

Louie Domingo, director of the non-government organization Emergency Research Center, meanwhile, said clearing would depend on the kind of chemicals that spilled and mixed together inside the laboratory.

In February, a mercury spill inside a school laboratory shut down a private school in Parañaque for three months.

"We have to get the list of chemicals to know what kinds were there inside, the amount and concentration," said Domingo, a member of the second composite team that went to the laboratory for the gradual cleanup.

"For us to clean it up, we could use dry earth (soil) before we scoop out the chemicals. And then we could wash it down when the chemicals had been cleared, but we have to make sure that the water we used would be taken out and not reach the drainage so it won't cause further damage," he told reporters.

Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay said local authorities would follow the advice of experts on the incident, the city's first involving hazardous materials.

"This is a technical matter and we will have to get guidance from those with technical know-how. We will not pretend to know everything about this so what the experts say, we will follow," Binay told reporters on site.

As of press time, 70 percent of debris inside the laboratory, including containers that remained intact, have been retrieved and placed in a garbage bag on a hallway near the contaminated room, Embang said. The chemicals would then be sorted for proper disposal, he said.

Authorities have yet to decide on the matter of disposing the hazardous waste, but Makati Department of Environmental Services chief Danilo Villas said the city government has sought the help of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. He also proposed the use of the private contractor that has been collecting medical waste from the city's hospitals to safely get rid of the spilled chemicals.

The chemical spill occurred after a wall-mounted two-layer cabinet of chemicals collapsed on Sunday afternoon causing chemical containers to shatter, said school principal Luzviminda Banag.

"Our science teacher went up to the second floor to get some materials at around 2:45 and he smelled something coming from the laboratory. He informed the guards, then when they went to Room 401 (laboratory), they saw that the hanging cabinet had fallen," Banag told the Inquirer.

Banag said chemicals stored in several glass containers in the wooden cabinet, measuring roughly three to four meters wide, included several compounds like nitric, acetic, sulfuric and acetic acids, ammonia, sulfur powder and less than 50 grams of mercury oxide.

Embang and Domingo said the interaction of these chemicals might have rendered them flammable, toxic or corrosive to the skin or to metal, but the effect has yet to be determined, including the extent of contamination their combination might cause.

Chemical samples taken from the school lab by the BFP's Hazardous Materials Recovery Team on Sunday evening were brought to the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory for identification, said Makati police chief, Superintendent Gilbert Cruz.

Those exposed to the chemicals were rushed to Ospital ng Makati's Acute Care Center (OsMak ACC), Banag said. Among them were Gilda Teologo, the school's property custodian, canteen manager Mabel Sedo, and science teacher Ramon Macuha.

Dr. Alex Hidalgo of OsMak ACC's Emergency Medicine department said those rushed to the hospital showed "general symptoms" of chemical exposure, including "flu-like" manifestations.

"The treatment we gave them was general decontamination… They were cleaned with mild soap and water, their eyes were flushed. Then we gave them supportive treatment. Like those who experienced pain, we gave them pain relievers. To those who have rashes, we gave anti-itch medication," Hidalgo told the Inquirer.

He said patients would be kept under observation in the hospital for at least 24 hours or until they are cleared for release by the National Poison Control Center of the University of the Philippines- Philippine General Hospital, which oversees poisoning cases.

Cruz said police would investigate how the cabinet collapsed and whether anyone should be held liable for the incident. Binay has ordered the Makati Health Department and the City Engineer's Office to determine how the collapse happened and whether the city would need to redesign school labs it would build.

"The liability might fall on whoever is in charge of the laboratory. We would determine if the hanging cabinet was overloaded,"

Banag, however, said the cabinet was not carrying load more than it could. She added that the school laboratory inside the city-constructed high school was already built that way when it opened five years ago.

Domingo noted that the wall-mounted lab cabinet, while built away from the door and student area within the room, would have been vulnerable to strong winds or an earthquake because of its design. Ideally, he said, chemicals should be placed on the floor and those that are non-corrosive to plastic may be stored in non-breakable plastic containers.

http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/metroregions/view_article.php?article_id=35034

Broad backing seen for EU chemicals deal lawmaker

By Jeff Mason and Huw Jones

BRUSSELS, Dec 1 (Reuters) - Sweeping new rules to regulate dangerous chemicals in the European Union will win broad backing in the European Parliament after a deal with member states, lawmakers said on Friday, amid accusations of a sell-out to big business.

Negotiators from parliament's three main factions and EU governments struck a deal late on Thursday on a draft law known as REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals), that is due to enter into force next year.

The bill is designed to make companies prove that substances in every-day products like cars, clothes or paint are safe.

The rules have been the focus of intense lobbying, pitting the left and environmentalists against chemicals giants such as BASF and Bayer . The United States also accused the EU of regulatory overkill.

"I am confident this proposal has the support of the three major groups," Guido Sacconi, the Italian socialist steering the legislation through parliament, told a news conference.

The assembly votes on the deal on Dec. 13 and member states will then formally give their green light.

"The most fundamental thing of all is that it reverses the burden of proof. Manufacturers and importers have to demonstrate that products they put on the market are safe," said Chris Davies from the liberal group.

But he acknowledged one key objection of animal welfare campaigners.

"It's going to see a very significant increase in animal testing. Millions and millions of laboratory animals will suffer, but we have taken measures to avoid duplication."

The European Commission, which authored the draft rules, said on Friday it welcomed the deal.

HEAVY LOBBYING

Leftist and Green lawmakers slammed the deal. The Greens branded it a sell-out to the German chemical industry.

British Green lawmaker Caroline Lucas called it "a sad day for environmental policy in the European Union", saying it would continue to allow hazardous chemicals in everyday products even when safer alternatives exist.

"The Socialist group has completely surrendered to big business and the conservatives. This is sad and shows that, apparently, power is more important than the environment and public health," said Jens Holm, a Swedish member of the Nordic Green Left group.

Under REACH, the properties of roughly 30,000 chemicals produced or imported into the European Union would have to be registered with a central agency. Those of highest concern, such as carcinogens, would require testing and authorisation.

Davies said the deal would require persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic chemicals be removed from the market if suitable alternatives existed.

Manufacturers would also have to submit a "substitution plan" when seeking authorisation for the roughly 1,500 chemicals expected to be considered of high concern. But if they can be adequately controlled, the substances will be approved.

http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L01856481.htm

Eastman Completes Sale of Polyethylene Business to Westlake

Eastman Chemical Company (NYSE:EMN) today announced it has completed the sale of its polyethylene business to Westlake Chemical Corporation. The sale includes Eastman's polyethylene and Epolene polymer businesses, related assets and the company's ethylene pipeline. The sale is for a purchase price of $255 million, subject to working capital adjustments.

Included in the sale are three polyethylene manufacturing units, an Epolene facility, all of which are located at Eastman's Texas Operations in Longview, and an ethylene pipeline between Mont Belvieu, Texas, and the Longview plant site.

Eastman manufactures and markets chemicals, fibers, and plastics worldwide. It provides key differentiated coatings, adhesives and specialty plastics products; is the world's largest producer of PET polymers for packaging; and is a major supplier of cellulose acetate fibers. Founded in 1920 and headquartered in Kingsport, Tenn., Eastman is a FORTUNE 500 company with 2005 sales of $7 billion and approximately 12,000 employees.

Source: Business Wire

Westlake Chemical Closes Purchase of Eastmans Polyethylene Business

HOUSTON, Dec. 1 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Westlake Chemical Corporation announced today that all closing conditions, including regulatory review, have been met and it has closed the previously announced acquisition of Eastman Chemical Company's polyethylene business effective yesterday. The purchase includes Eastman's polyethylene and Epolene polymer business lines headquartered in Longview, Texas, related assets and a 200-mile ethylene pipeline. The transaction's $255 million purchase price is subject to a working-capital adjustment and will be funded from current cash balances. The acquired business and assets generated approximately $680 million in revenue during 2005.

With this acquisition Westlake's total polyethylene capacity is now in excess of 2,500 million pounds per year, including 700 million pounds per year of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and 425 million pounds per year of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) acquired in this purchase. Westlake also acquired technology for the production of specialty polyolefin polymers including: acrylate co-polymers; and Epolene(R) polymers for the coatings, adhesives and other consumer products markets, as well as Energx technology for linear low density polyethylenes designed to provide enhanced strength and performance properties.

Albert Chao, President and CEO of Westlake Chemical Corporation, stated, "We are pleased to have closed this important strategic acquisition and welcome the former Eastman Chemical polyethylene business employees to the Westlake team. We believe this transaction will further strengthen our position in the growing North American polyethylene market, and increase our ability to service our customers through an improved overall product mix and new product technology and manufacturing capability at multiple sites where we can continue to enhance our ethylene integration strategy."

Westlake Chemical Corporation (WLK)

Westlake Chemical Corporation is a manufacturer and supplier of petrochemicals, polymers and fabricated products with headquarters in Houston, Texas. The company's range of products includes: ethylene, polyethylene, styrene, propylene, caustic, VCM, PVC and PVC pipe, windows and fence. For more information, visit the company's Web site at http://www.westlakechemical.com/ .

The statements in this release relating to this acquisition, as well as any other matters that are not historical facts, are forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially. For more detailed information about factors that could cause actual results to differ materially, please refer to Westlake's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, which was filed in February 2006.

Westlake Chemical Corporation

CONTACT: David R. Hansen, Media Relations, or Steven Bender, InvestorRelations, both of Westlake Chemical Corporation, +1-713-960-9111

Web site: http://www.westlakechemical.com/

Source: PRNewswire-FirstCall

Wednesday, February 28, 2007

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